After an hour or so of testing with Davi, we've established very little other than that Bloglines' JavaScript is evil.
Okay, not really evil, but it embodies a lot of JavaScript mannerisms I plain don't like, such as rebuilding the whole page from a packed string. Guess what, it garbles image hrefs to the point where mine are somehow redirected to the "stealing content" GIF, and Davi's just plain... vanish (which makes me wonder if it isn't all being mangled in some way).
So until either of us figures out what's wrong, I strongly suggest you use my "no images" feed - it was specifically created for web-based aggregators (but not for such amazingly baroque ones).